Christmas Acrostic Poem Simple and Fun Christmas Activity

Are you in need of a quick Christmas poetry lesson plan to share with your students tomorrow? Consider practicing acrostic poetry with your students. Acrostic poetry is a quick and easy activity that can take five minutes or thirty minutes, depending upon how much time you want to spend on the activity. Instructions All you have to do is have students choose a Christmas-related word and come up with phrases or sentences for each letter of that word. The phrases or sentences must correlate with the main topic of the word. When teaching your students this lesson, follow these quick tips: Model the format of acrostic poems with your students. Work together to write a collective acrostic poem on the whiteboard.Give your students a Christmas-related word so that they can write their own acrostic poem. Consider: December, cheer, Rudolph, presents, family, snowman, or Santa Claus. Discuss the meaning of these words and the importance of family and giving during the Christmas season.Give your students time to write their acrostic poems. Circulate and offer guidance as needed.If you have time, allow the students to illustrate their poems. This project makes a great bulletin board display for December, especially if you do it early in the month!Encourage your students to give their acrostic poems to family members or friends on Christmas morning. It would make for a great handmade gift. Examples Here are three sample Christmas acrostic poems. Read each one to your students to give them an example of what they can do with their own poems. Sample #1 S - Sliding down the chimney A - Always spreading cheer N - Needing cookies and milk T - Trains his reindeer A - At my house on Christmas Eve! C - Children cant sleep because of excitement! L - Listening for hooves on the rooftop A - Act good all year U - Usually my favorite day of the year S - Seasons Greetings, Santa! Sample #2 M - Many friends and family gather together to E - Enjoy the holiday! R - Ready to eat and drink with them R - Reindeer on their way. Y - Yuletide carols are sung by the tree C - Christmas is upon us as we H - Hear the caroling. R - Ready for some fun and games I - Indoors and outdoors. S - Sitting by the fire with T- The best family. M - Missing our lost loved ones A - As we enjoy our holiday. S - Start the party, we are ready for Christmas! Sample #3 H - Hooray, for the holidays are finally here! O - Outside in the snow is fun L - Laughing, playing with everyone! I - Inside is so warm and cozy D - Dad makes hot cocoa by the fire A - And mom is there to warm me up Y - Yes! How I love the holidays S - Santa is on his way!

The Child I Am Doing For My Child Study Paper - 1243 Words

The child I am doing for my child study paper is a four year old male. He is my dad’s girlfriend’s son, who I am able to see interact and socialize at home when I am around. He goes to preschool three days out of the week and has been going for about five months. His background of preschool is fairly new, but he has a few cousins his age he interacted with before school was in his daily schedule. His family consists of him, his mother, my father and a older brother who is seven years older than him. His parents have been divorced for about a year and a half. His personality allows him to be very easy going, like a go with the flow outlook. He is not a high maintenance child, he doesn’t like being the center of attention, but he enjoys playing with the other children. He seems oblivious to the surrounding noises, and doesn’t get easily distracted and was a pleasure to observe viewing him from a teacher perspective rather than as his â€Å"sister†. 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Theoretical Concepts Managerial Ethics & Ethical dilemma - Solution

Question: Apply at least two theoretical concepts from managerial ethics to examine this dilemma critically. Go on to examine and critically evaluate how these theoretical concepts influence managerial practices in the chosen organisation. In conclusion, reflect critically on how leaders may ensure organisational decisions are made ethically. Answer: An ethical dilemma implies a confusing situation when the ethics of a person are applied. This situation is often complicated and arises from the disagreement between a person's moral imperatives. In certain circumstances, this confusion arises in a professional sense when the moral principles of a person are unable to figure out the correct course of action. It may also manifest itself between people due to conflicting ideologies. Ethical dilemmas can occur anytime and in any place but are most often witnessed in workplaces. This can be attributed to the ethical diversities exhibited by the workers (Shapiro Stefkovich, 2016). People in the workplace hail from different moral and cultural backgrounds and these increases the chances of conflict (Kim, 2016). Workplaces exhibit definite action patterns that may conflict with a person's ideologies. The result is a confusing situation where the person involved is not sure on the right course of action to undertake (Sherif et al., 2016). In this essay, the author will discuss the ethical dilemma faced by the Apple Company at Foxconn. In this context, the author will discuss the two theoretical concepts from managerial ethics to examine this dilemma critically. Further, the author will review and critically evaluate how these theoretical concepts influence managerial practices in the chosen organization. A thorough literature review will be performed to support the arguments in the essay. Later, in conclusion, the author will reflect critically on how leaders may ensure organizational decisions are made ethically. Apple is a multinational corporation of America popular for designing and development of personal computers and computer software (Browning et al., 2012). The popular hardware products of this company include iPod, iPhone, iPad and Mac line. After Samsung, It is the world second largest IT Company (Yoffie, D. B., Rossano, P2012). As Tim Cook took over as Apples new CEO, in 2012, from the late Steve Jobs, he was almost immediately bombarded with an ethical dilemma with Chinese company Foxconn. Employees threatened suicide as a means of protecting their working conditions (Moritz, 2014). Recently, articles reported that the new CEO earned over 350 million US dollars in 2011 (Lashinsky, 2012). His remarkable success was attributed to his inheritance over the global technology company, renowned for its innovation and creativity; the company worth well over 90 billion dollars in cash reserves (Chan et al., 2013). Nevertheless, one cannot overlook the serious problems facing Foxconn, one of the company's leading suppliers. Recently, employees threatened to engage in mass suicide hence posing a massive ethical dilemma for Tim Cook (Jensen Puri, 2016). As an article of the Telegraph reported, around 150 employees at Foxconn, the largest global electronic manufacturer, threatened to engage in the mass suicide by leaping from the roof of the factory as a protest over harsh working conditions (Rushe, 2015). However, the employees were eventually convinced to abort the threat after two days on the roof the companys managers and officials from a Chinese communist party. Despite the risks, Tim Cook focused more on the enterprise's products and profit (Kim Ledingham, 2015). As their product has high demand in the market, there is pressure on them to fulfill the needs of consumers. Therefore, the working hours were increased to meet the target eventually affecting the manufacturers in Foxconn, China (Jensen Puri, 2016).). Many organizations have a tendency of highlighting progress in their annual reports against merits on corporate social responsibility (Northouse, 2015). Even though commendable, it is vital to go beyond corporate fanfar e and glossy brochures. Increasingly, social-economic considerations are coming in to play hence creating conflicting priorities that oppose financial merits (Huxham Vangen, 2013). Indeed, Apple is well placed to have an influence over matters at Foxconn. Despite Cook assurances that the company is focused on achieving high social responsibility standards across its global chain of supply (Pathak, 2014). An online article published in January 2012 noted the apparent silence of Apple Company but highlighted ongoing investigations by New York Times. The article is a testament of the problems surrounding Foxconn. The situation at Foxconn had not developed overnight. The Guardian reported in January 2012 that the problems had been there since 2010. In that year, eighteen employees at Foxconn Company attempted suicide and fourteen died. Labor organizations blamed long working hours, inhuman treatment, and low wages as the main factors of the protest (Moritz, 2014). It is imperative to understand that leaders have to embrace ethics. In January 2012, Apple Company submitted a report of the company's financial results for the first quarter of the financial period (Lashinsky, 2012). The figures beat the expectations of many analysts. Investigators shifted their focus on the merits of the company's results- approximating dividend payments and revenue forecasts (Denning Dew, 2015). This news is good the shareholders of the enterprise but in no way benefited the employees especially those in Foxconn. Borrowing from the dilemmas associated with leadership, ethical matters come as unwelcome interruptions in search of economic success (Chan Selden, 2013). The financial success of Apple Company cannot be underestimated. However, it's handling of ethical matters such as employees' welfare is clearly dwindling. Constant negative coverage by the media on the issue ultimately began to influence the perceptions of the company. This posed a negative impact on the economic success (Jensen Puri, 2016). The New York Times, however, noted that the company had been working on several initiatives designed to quell pressure (Moritz, 2014). In response to the issue, the company for the first time published a report on 158 of its suppliers, representing a major portion of its supply chain (Jia et al., 2015). The company also became a member of Fair Labor Association, making it the first technological company on that level. Apple also works hand in hand with environmental groups, labor rights advocating groups, and agreed to permit external monitors in the supply factories (Lashinsky, 2012). The challenges witnessed at Foxconn provided an opportunity for the company to show an example that it can excel social matters rather than financial. One has to commend Mr. Cook for the way he handled the matter. He managed to quell the challenge professionally and the protest by the employees was aborted (Chan et al., 2013). Then followed the recommended protocols on means of approaching and dealing with an ethical dilemma, evaluate the appropriate course of action, identify the consequences, and make a decision. However, I cannot help but think that he could have done more. In this case, if it were up to me, I would have engaged the employees in an orderly meeting where a selected member would air their grievances. A team of managers would benefit from the officials in the meeting, and a final decision would be made in the best interests of the employees. Apple Inc. claims that they have enhanced the working conditions at the Foxconn, at the demand of the employer. The Fair Labor Association, a nonprofit organization in the US, states that Apple has fulfilled actions needed to improve the work environment at Shenzhen and Chengdu that is famous for its iPhone and iPad products (Kim, 2016). However, the story of the employees is different who still complain about work culture and that the organization is mainly bothered about accomplishing target, and there is no motivation for them to work with full potential (Ferrell Fraedrich, 2016). Also, workers complained that, although their workplace is well-equipped tennis courts, TVs, swimming pools and interest clubs, they are unable to enjoy any due to long working hours and improper maintenance (Chatterji Toffel, 2016). It was reported in one such study where employees complain that the Foxconn never publicizes the problems in the factories. For example, " fire in one of the factories was hushed up; gas poisoning was brushed off without providing proper care for employees" (Weinzimmer Esken, 2016). Further, there were also reports of workers complaining of inadequate medical facilities on the premises (Jiraporn et al., 2016). According to the BBC News, 2012 before the suicide scandal occurred, 260 workers were sick. Being a multinational company the organization has obligation towards their consumers and the whole world business market. Their business chains are spread across the world and have gained trust and loyalty from the people (Kim, 2016). Therefore, they need to maintain the same and deliver its responsibilities, image and services appropriately and honestly to ensure high production and good quality at the same time maintaining standards of integrity and not only on profit-making (Windsor, 2016). In the next section, the author discusses theoretical concepts from the managerial ethics. Ethical theories are useful in providing a base while judging the ethical content of an act. The two fundamental types of ethical theories are Teleological and Deontological (Ho et al., 2016). Both these theories help in deriving different conclusions in respect to the scenario under consideration. The teleological approach focuses on the outcome of an action and its importance (Northouse, 2015). Utilitarianism is the widely studied teleological theory in business context and public policy. According to Murphy Lascznaiak, (1981), the concept of Utilitarianism refers to ethical choices that provide greatest benefits to the greater number of people". In this perspective, one believes that the "ends justify the means" (Denning Dew, 2015). For example, It is good to save the lives of five people by killing one person; the Utilitarianism theory believes that it ethical to save others by killing one person as in this scenario more number of individuals are benefitted. In short it explain s that an act is to be performed only when the utilities it produces is greater than that produced by utilities of other action performed by an agent. According to (Shapiro Stefkovich, 2016) the deontology theory mainly deals with duty of doing good for society with intention and that the actions are not justified by their consequences. In addition to the good outcome, there are many factors determining the righteousness of the action, which may be non-consequential but helps increase morality of an individual. In the present case, Apple has made the significant contribution in the field of technology and retail chain and has the large impact on society. However, it failed regarding ethics. Tim Cook did what is best for the business that is profit making although it affected the employees but only if it cared little extra for the workers and was wise in the decision that it would have come out the ethical dilemma. This case is dealing with ethical issues and in this context, the author refers to primary ethical approaches that are "consequentiality approach, deontological approach, and virtue ethics." This case can be categorized into deontological approach (Shapiro Stefkovich, 2016). Apple Inc. initially took care of excessive working hours, child labor and other safety related issues with their suppliers. However, with the increasing media exposure in regards to ethical behavior, the organization concerned more about the impact of this negative publicity on their shares and profits. Suddenly the audits and policies started rising eventually increasing the working hours and pressure between the suppliers to accomplish its objectives in given time (Weinzimmer Esken, 2016). According to (Chatterji Toffel, 2016) act should be ethical to immediate relations and should be conditional. In this case scenario, Apple was never ethical with their suppliers, although it had immediate relation with them. Asian labor was used due to low bargaining power and because they were cheaper. The major concern of this company was not to lose business and to reduce cost and meet the production targe t anyhow (Ferrell Fraedrich, 2016). Sherif et al., (2016) said: "an act should be universally acceptable." A Recent study showed that Apple discriminated between their own and suppliers employees. It reported on supplier's involvement in child labor issues. Therefore, such act of Apple is not universally acceptable. Conclusively, the management of Apple although maintained the utilitarianism but failed in implementing the deontological approach. The profit making of the company is mainly dependent on its workers, therefore; the CEO should be more concerned about the satisfaction and health of the employees (Kim, 2016). Else, the organization will get a black spot on its image. The organization if applied consequentiality approach, then the situation would have been in control (Steiber Alnge, 2016). As a CEO of this company I would be inclined more towards employee satisfaction, which will maximize the profit eventually. Low job satisfaction, on the other hand, decreases the willingness to work and increase the absenteeism, which in turn will reduce the production both regarding quantity and quality (Sherif et al., 2016). (Windsor, 2016) describes the condition of these workers as cramped and unpleasant. This ethical dilemma is no good and downregulates the reputation of the organization. According to (Elsbach, 2012) with this kind of treatment to the workers, it is apparent that the "decision is not going to further sustainable development. If there is no change in Foxconns attitude towards their employees, there will be more media attention. Consumers are more concerned with the social behavior of the company rather than the profit made (Northouse, 2015). Eventually, consumers realize that the manufacturers work at the cost of their life, which is more than the overcharged devices prepared by them. It is obvious that Apple will lose valuable clients and might not undergo sustainable development due to its decision and chosen managerial system (Pathak, 2014). According to (Huxham Vangen, 2013) the management system at Foxconn is machinelike. Its power is centralized just like the central power source of a machine, therefore, making leadership vital in Foxconn. (Northouse, 2015) believes that without strong leadership, the policies may not be accurate and precise to the whole business. (Ki et al., 2015) analyzed the Foxconn views leadership as the righteous dictatorship and decisive". (Miner, 2015) Suggests that to overcome the issues with clients, Foxconn must adopt a post-bureaucracy involving "shared responsibility, trust between managers and workers, and empowerment." The concept underlies that the responsibilities instead of a hierarchy are "assigned on virtue" and people are treated as individuals "rather than impersonally" (Ki et al., 2015). It is suggested that such an organization should be morally superior to their administrative precursors. As stated by (Yoffie Rossano, 2012) "post-bureaucratic organizations are better represe nted as networks than as hierarchies." Ho et al., (2016) agrees with Ki et al., (2015) and believes that adopting this strategy will lead to the quick flow of decisions and brings close the authority and information towards the needs of the workers rather than thinking what it should be. To perform multi-skills task, the workers may be trained thus giving them the potential to handle future problems and making them more flexible (Elsbach, 2012). According to (Jia et al., 2015) Foxconn adopted Bureaucratic domination' where managers rule over the workers treating them as the slave. Despite the hardships, neither of the employees filed a lawsuit against the organization. They are well protected under the labor law of China and possessions of the workers (ID card and employment contract) have been kept by the company also rejecting the family's request to take them back (Jiraporn et al., 2016). Such actions are not universally acceptable and again justify the ethical dilemma faced by Apple Inc. Dr. Duane calls trust a construct as it is made of three components, which are: the capacity to trust, the perception of competence and intentions (Jia et al., 2015). Every workplace ethics follow the same route. If an organization has the code of ethics and conducts, then that must be strictly implemented by the leader. Failure to do so will make the organization appear as a big joke. A good leader can strongly influence actions of others by exhibiting his ethical behavior powerfully (Miner, 2015). Ethics refers to virtues and motives of an individual and the moral development impacts the choices of a leader. Leaders should know their values and the significance of ethical behavior. The best leader lives his value daily and exhibit values in their actions and style (Ki et al., 2015). It will ensure building trust. However, the trust is damaged forever, when one sentiment is said while other is performed. Conclusion The essay has analyzed the organization from multi-perspective view, concludes that Foxconn is best at maximizing their input and profit, and generate maximum products every day. As per the worker's allegations and ethical dilemmas it can be commented that the organization has treated the employees as the slave. Based on a theory of "scientific management, bureaucracy, and administrative management", Foxconn had managed their workers in a way where this maximize the production. Therefore, there is a growing incidence of the workers falling sick and much committing suicides every year indicating the level of their exploitation. There is a huge pressure on the CEO of the multinational company like Apple Inc. Tim Cook being new to the field ensured the well being of the company but in respect to treatment of his employees greatly failed to maintain ethics. Business world requires decision-making for overall development and better tomorrow, keeping aside personal and emotional attachment s. A leader must take right decision focusing on satisfaction and development of their employees. The essay has used "machine and domination metaphor" to develop a stronger view on the organization's management about the workers and detailed the large picture of the company. In this essay, the author has discussed the two theoretical concepts from managerial ethics to examine this dilemma critically. Further, the author critically evaluated how these theoretical concepts influenced managerial practices in the chosen organization by performing a thorough literature review and supported the arguments. The essay ends with recommendations for leaders to ensure organizational decisions are made ethically. It was a fascinating subject to work on, and thorough literature search enhanced the key concepts of management, leadership theories, and an importance of business ethics and the consequences of the ethical dilemma. References Browning, E. S., Russolillo, S., Vascellaro, J. (2012). Apple Now Biggest-Ever US Company.Wall Street Journal,21. Chan, J., Pun, N., Selden, M. (2013). The politics of global production: Apple, Foxconn and China's new working class.New Technology, Work and Employment,28(2), 100-115. Chatterji, A., Toffel, M. W. (2016). Do CEO Activists Make a Difference? Evidence from a Field Experiment.Harvard Business School Technology Operations Mgt. Unit Working Paper, (16-100). Denning, P. J., Dew, N. (2015). Why our theories of innovation fail us.Communications of the ACM,58(12), 24-26. Elsbach, K. D. (2012). A framework for reputation management over the course of evolving controversies.The Oxford handbook of corporate reputation, 466-486. Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J. (2016).Business ethics: Ethical decision making cases. Nelson Education. Ho, S. S., Li, A. Y., Tam, K., Tong, J. Y. (2016). Ethical image, corporate social responsibility, and RD valuation.Pacific-Basin Finance Journal. Huxham, C., Vangen, S. (2013).Managing to collaborate: The theory and practice of collaborative advantage. Routledge. Jensen, M. R., Puri, S. (2016). iPain: What We Can Learn From Apple to Improve the Management of Acute Pain.ASA Newsletter,80(3), 44-45. Jia, L., Hall, D., Zhu, S. (2015). Trust Building in Consumer Learning Process and Its Effect on Consumers Behavioral Intention toward Mobile Payments. Jiraporn, P., Jiraporn, N., Kitsabunnarat-Chatjuthamard, P., Tong, S. (2016). Estimating the Value of Steve Jobs Using an Event Study.Available at SSRN. Ki, E. J., Kim, J. N., Ledingham, J. A. (Eds.). (2015).Public relations as relationship management: A relational approach to the study and practice of public relations. Routledge. Kim, R. C. (2016). Ethical Decision Making in International Business: A Study of Challenge in Teaching to Future Global Talents.Business and Management Studies,2(2), 1-13. Lashinsky, A. (2012).Inside Apple: How America's Most Admired--and Secretive--Company Really Works. Hachette UK. Miner, J. B. (2015).Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Moritz, M. (2014).Return to the Little Kingdom: Steve Jobs and the Creation of Apple. Overlook Press. Northouse, P. G. (2015).Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Pathak, N. (2014). How Media Got the Biggest Bite of (the) Apple: A Look at the Media Misperception in the Apple-Samsung Case.Marq. Intell. Prop. L. Rev.,18, 237. Rogers, D., Lee, R. (2016). Strategic opportunities and decision making.MHD Supply Chain Solutions,46(2), 40. Rushe, D. (2015). Apple CEO Tim Cook challenges Obama with impassioned stand on privacy. the Guardian. Retrieved 25 May 2016, from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/feb/13/apple-ceo-tim-cook-challenges-obama-privacy Shapiro, J. P., Stefkovich, J. A. (2016).Ethical leadership and decision making in education: Applying theoretical perspectives to complex dilemmas. Routledge. Sherif, K., Pitre, R., Kamara, M. (2016). Why Do Information System Controls Fail to Prevent Unethical Behavior?.VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems,46(2). Steiber, A., Alnge, S. (2016). Leading for Entrepreneurship. InThe Silicon Valley Model(pp. 105-120). Springer International Publishing. Weinzimmer, L. G., Esken, C. A. (2016). Risky business: Taking a stand on social issues.Business Horizons,59(3), 331-337. Windsor, D. (2016). 10 The ethical sphere: organizational politics, fairness and justice.Handbook of Organizational Politics: Looking Back and to the Future, 244. Yoffie, D. B., Rossano, P. (2012).Apple Inc. in 2012. Harvard Business School.

Love Essay Research Paper When we think free essay sample

Love Essay, Research Paper When we think about the definition of love, it s non easy to believe of one specific definition, or even one sort. Since love, to every individual, is felt otherwise and is defined as so many different things such as a feeling, a individual, or a manner of life, it is hard to embrace a true reading of what it means. In ancient Grecian doctrine, philosophic pillars such as Plato and Socrates frequently divided love into two separate classs: earthly and heavenly. If one experienced earthly love, one was overcome by lecherousness and feelings of sexual desire instead than rational desire. If love was shared spiritually and intellectually between two work forces, with godly aspirations, it was heavenly love. In today s society, we tend to split love into three classs because the love we feel for different people is different. The three classs are: love for parents and household members, love between friends and love between adult male and adult female. We will write a custom essay sample on Love Essay Research Paper When we think or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first type of love, love for parents and relations, is manifested through fraternity and inherent aptitude. Parents, kids, and other relations have been stating each other # 8220 ; I love you # 8221 ; for rather some clip. The phrase is frequently put to utilize at vacations or other household assemblages. Most frequently it is the kids and grownups who say # 8220 ; I love you. # 8221 ; The kids say it because it s what they ve been stating since they could speak and it s what their parents say to them many times throughout the twenty-four hours. The grandparents say it because they know the true deepness behind the words. # 8220 ; I love you # 8221 ; can be said when there are non plenty words to depict feelings. I love you can be said when there are excessively many words to depict feelings. # 8220 ; I love you # 8221 ; can be said as a manner of stating # 8220 ; Thank you. # 8221 ; And # 8220 ; I love you # 8221 ; can raise the liquors of a sad bosom. Even though non everyone in a household tells each other they love one another, The 2nd type of love, love between friends, is shown through company. The love friends portion for each other is different than that of household members. Friends come and go, but merely the true 1s stay. Friends support each other through midst and thin. They tell each other things they wouldn t dream of stating a household member and swear them to maintain it a secret. Even though friends may non hold on everything, they are willing to listen to each other s sentiments. Friends aren t expected to give up everything for each other, but, as the relationship required, friends will be at that place for each other to state # 8220 ; it ll be all right, # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; I m happy for you. # 8221 ; The last, most common emotion associated with love is that which is shared between a adult male and adult female. This is the most prevailing signifier of love. The difference of this type of love from the other two is that the relation ship may affect sexual Communion. Love between work forces and adult females involves the connection of the two on an rational degree every bit good. It can be seen in about any successful matrimony that the understanding a hubby and married woman have for each other can be quite exceeding and unlike any other relationship. When two people come to cognize each other so good through the brotherhood that love brings, it is as if they become one, in that they have pure apprehension for each other s demands and feelings. It is at this point when they can truly experience love. True love is that which brings positive result for both persons, and is non dependent on, but grows from the physical facet of the relationship. If a twosome can turn and larn together and go better persons from a brotherhood, they will see love to its fullest.

The Rivals Nicholas and Absalon Essays

The Rivals Nicholas and Absalon Essays The Rivals Nicholas and Absalon Essay The Rivals Nicholas and Absalon Essay With reference to lines 91-112 and 163-290, how are the rivals Nicholas and Absalon presented to us by Chaucer in this section? Focus on Chaucers use of language and detail to present this contrast? Nicholas and Absalon become rivals in the Millers parody of the Knights tale, fighting for the love of the wife of the carpenter, Alison. The contrast between Absalons vivacious character and appearance with Nicholas cunning and quick- wittedness create two opposing characters to represent the aspects of courtly love, yet adapt it to create a comical parody.Chaucer makes clever use of language and diction through the presentation of his characters actions and behaviour. He also uses the aid of his own opinion of his characters laid subtlety behind the Millers views of the two rivals in his tale. The initial detail the reader receives about Absalon is his appearance, whereas in Nicholas case it is the details of his room portraying his lifestyle, which revolves around the seduction of women.The only information we are given about Nicholas appearance is lyk a maiden meek for to see suggesting his girlish attractive looks, freshness and youth. In contrast, Absalons looks and clothes are described in great detail to portray his vanity and flamboyancy. His Poules window corven on his shoes draws focus to the intricate details of his appearance so that the reader is required to take into account Absalons intense care for his looks.His curly blonde hair is fashioned into an extravagant fan shape; strouted as a fanne large and brode that displays his desire to keep up with the fashion, and the blonde curls create a sense of childlike innocence. His clothing also supports his flamboyancy, Ycald he was ful smal and proprely with red stocking, a blue tunic which was lavishly fastened. His behaviour is presented as jolif was and gay. He sings with a high-pitched voice in a quinible, which is usually associated with female voices expressing his femininity.Much of his behaviour is suggested to be feminine in his vanity and his actions. His squeamishness of rude language and body gases, squeamous of farting and of speche daungerous portrays his dainty and fastidious attitude. Absalon is presented as a child-like character, and is patronised by the Miller. This is suggested through his high-spirited attitude as he dances to his rubible as well as his merry appearance. His fiddle contrasts to Nicholas elegant harp, which he plays to women to seduce them.Nicholas character is first presented through his bedroom, which has one particular purpose. His objects that are displayed within it build up and introduce the character of Nicholas through his interests and learned skills. His collection of specialist books and astrelabie equipment suggest his intelligence and scholarly abilities. His elegant harp contrasts with Absalons low-grade inferior fiddle. Nicholas skills from university education also contrast with Absalons practical skills in operations, legal conveyances and cutting hair as a barber.

Battle of Ligny During the Napoleonic Wars

Battle of Ligny During the Napoleonic Wars The Battle of Ligny was fought on June 16, 1815, during the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815). Heres a summary of the event. Battle of Ligney Background Having crowned himself Emperor of the French in 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte embarked on a decade of campaigning which saw him win victories at places such as Austerlitz, Wagram, and Borodino. Finally defeated and forced to abdicate in April 1814, he accepted exile on Elba under the terms of the Treaty of Fontainebleau. In the wake of Napoleons defeat, the European powers convened the Congress of Vienna to outline the postwar world. Unhappy in exile, Napoleon escaped and landed in France on March 1, 1815. Marching to Paris, he built an army as he traveled with soldiers flocking to his banner. Declared an outlaw by the Congress of Vienna, Napoleon worked to consolidate power as Britain, Prussia, Austria, and Russia formed the Seventh Coalition to prevent his return. Armies and Commanders Prussians Field Marshal Gebhard von Blà ¼cher84,000 men French Napoleon Bonaparte68,000 men Napoleons Plan Assessing the strategic situation, Napoleon concluded that a swift victory was required before the Seventh Coalition could fully mobilize its forces against him. To achieve this, he sought to destroy the Duke of Wellingtons coalition army south of Brussels before turning east to defeat Field Marshal Gebhard von Blà ¼chers approaching Prussian army. Moving north, Napoleon divided his Armee du Nord (Army of the North) in three giving command of the left-wing to Marshal Michel Ney, the right-wing to Marshal Emmanuel de Grouchy, while retaining personal command of a reserve force. Understanding that if Wellington and Blà ¼cher united they would have the power to crush him, he crossed the border at Charleroi on June 15 with the intention of defeating the two coalition armies in detail. That same day, Wellington began directing his forces to move towards Quatre Bras while Blà ¼cher concentrated at Sombreffe. Determining the Prussians to pose a more immediate threat, Napoleon directed Ney to seize Quatre Bras while he moved with the reserves to reinforce Grouchy. With both coalition armies defeated, the road to Brussels would be open. The next day, Ney spent the morning forming his men while Napoleon joined Grouchy at Fleurus. Making his headquarters at the windmill of Brye, Blà ¼cher deployed Lieutenant-General Graf von Zietens I Corps to defend a line running through the villages of Wagnelà ©e, Saint-Amand, and Ligny. This formation was supported by Major General George Ludwig von Pirchs II Corps to the rear. Extending east from I Corps left was Lieutenant General Johann von Thielemanns III Corps which covered Sombreffe and the armys line of retreat. As the French approached on the morning on June 16, Blà ¼cher directed II and III Corps to send troops to reinforce Zietens lines. Napoleon Attacks To dislodge the Prussians, Napoleon intended to send forward General Dominique Vandammes III Corps and General Étienne Gà ©rards IV Corps against the villages while Grouchy was to advance on Sombreffe. Hearing artillery fire coming from Quatre Bras, Napoleon commenced his attack around 2:30 PM. Striking Saint-Amand-la-Haye, Vandammes men carried the village in heavy fighting. Their hold proved brief as a determined counterattack by Major General Carl von Steinmetz reclaimed it for the Prussians. Fighting continued to swirl around Saint-Amand-Haye through the afternoon with Vandamme again taking possession. As the loss of the village threatened his right flank, Blà ¼cher directed part of II Corps to attempt to envelop Saint-Amand-le-Haye. Moving forward, Pirchs men were blocked by Vandamme in front of Wagnelà ©e. Arriving from Brye, Blà ¼cher took personal control of the situation and directed a strong effort against Saint-Amand-le-Haye. Striking the battered French, this assa ult secured the village. Fighting Rages As fighting raged to the west, Gà ©rards men hit Ligny at 3:00 PM. Enduring heavy Prussian artillery fire, the French penetrated the town but were ultimately driven back. A subsequent assault culminated in bitter house-to-house fighting which resulted in the Prussians maintaining their hold on Ligny. Around 5:00 PM, Blà ¼cher directed Pirch to deploy the bulk of II Corps south of Brye. At the same time, a degree of confusion struck the French high command as Vandamme reported seeing a large enemy force approaching Fleurus. This actually was Marshal Comte dErlons I Corps marching in from Quatre Bras as requested by Napoleon. Unaware of Napoleons orders, Ney recalled dErlon before he reached Ligny and I Corps played no role in the fighting. The confusion caused by this created a break which allowed Blà ¼cher to order II Corps into action. Moving against the French left, Pirchs corps was stopped by Vandamme and General Guillaume Duhesmes Young Guard Division. The Prussians Break Around 7:00 PM, Blà ¼cher learned that Wellington was heavily engaged at Quatre Bras and would be unable to send aid. Left on this own, the Prussian commander sought to end the fighting with a strong attack against the French left. Assuming personal oversight, he reinforced Ligny before massing his reserves and launching an assault against Saint-Amand. Though some ground was gained, French counterattacks forced the Prussians to begin retreating. Reinforced by General Georges Moutons VI Corps, Napoleon began assembling a massive strike against the enemy center. Opening a bombardment with sixty guns, he ordered troops forward around 7:45 PM. Overwhelming the tired Prussians, the attack broke through Blà ¼chers center. To halt the French, Blà ¼cher directed his cavalry forward. Leading a charge, he was incapacitated after having his horse shot. The Prussian cavalry was soon halted by their French counterparts. Aftermath Assuming command, Lieutenant-General August von Gneisenau, Blà ¼chers chief of staff, ordered a retreat north to Tilly after the French broke through at Ligny around 8:30 PM. Conducting a controlled retreat, the Prussians were not pursued by the exhausted French. Their situation improved quickly as the newly-arrived IV Corps deployed as a strong rearguard at Wavre which allowed a rapidly-recovering Blà ¼cher to reassemble his army. In the fighting at the Battle of Ligny, the Prussians sustained around 16,000 casualties while French losses numbered around 11,500. Though a tactical victory for Napoleon, the battle failed to mortally wound Blà ¼chers army or drive it to a location from which it could no longer support Wellington. Forced to fall back from Quatre Bras, Wellington assumed a defensive position where on June 18 he engaged Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo. In heavy fighting, he won a decisive victory with the aid of the Blà ¼chers Prussians which arrived in the afternoo n.

How did Syria got impacted the Middle-East and especially Turkey Research Paper

How did Syria got impacted the Middle-East and especially Turkey - Research Paper Example The World Food Programme offers monthly food donations to about 4 million people who are victims of the civil conflict in the region (â€Å"World Food Programme† 1). Moreover, other humanitarian agencies offers clean drinking water to about 1.1 million people in Syria (â€Å"Government of Canada† 1). Notably, most of the countries in the Middle East region are downstream riparian states and have scarce water resources and hence the continued debate and conflict on water issues in this region (â€Å"The Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs† 1). Ideally, agriculture accounted for about 25 percent of gross domestic product in this region and hence the water shortage is hindering efforts to maintain economic growth in this region (Williams 1). The water conflict is equally a source of tension as many countries including Syria seek to increase its political dominance where it competes for the water resources with Turkey, Iraq, and Israel. Analysis shows that Turkey is likely to face water shortages in the near future although it presently has significant water resources (â€Å"The Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs† 2). As a result, of the crisis there have been continued debates and efforts geared towards addressing the Syrian crisis. In the meantime, many Syrians fled the violence in their country and took refuge in Turkey, Jordan, Egypt, Lebanon, and Iraq (â€Å"World Food Programme† 1). Indeed, about 2.2 million Syrians are refugees in these countries, which further strain the infrastructure, food security, and water supply in this region. Additionally, more countries including the U.S are still offering the refugees agencies a leeway to settle more refugees and conflict victims in Syria thus influencing the social and economic aspects in Syria. However, as we expect the need for humanitarian aid to increase in Syria over the next few years, there is international pressure on the Syrian president, Bashar al-Assad, to remove bar riers to the delivery of humanitarian assistance in Syria (Cumming-Bruce 1). Saudi Arabia has been opposing the Syrian government and continuously calls for action against Syrian President Assad (â€Å"BBC NEWS† 1). On the other hand, Iran has been supporting Syria and criticizes any international action on the current crisis in Syria. Nevertheless, although Iraq is less significant to Syria, it opposes any US military action in Syria and hosts a significant number of refugees from Syria. Conversely, Israel does not offer its public opinion on the Syrian crisis but warns other nations into dragging Israel into the conflict and assert its readiness to deal with the crisis if the civil war extends to Israel (â€Å"BBC NEWS† 1). Additionally, Qatar supports the proposed military action on Syria while Egypt opposes any military action without the authorization of the UN (â€Å"BBC NEWS† 1). Jordan supports limited military action in Syria upon proving the use of che mical weapons in Syria by the US Congress (â€Å"BBC NEWS† 1). Indeed, Jordan hosts refugees from Syria and therefore opposes any international intervention that would cause civilian casualties. The Jordan government advocates for a political settlement to the Syrian crisis (â€Å"BBC NEWS† 1). Nevertheless, some people believe that in 2013, Jordan facilitated the supply of weapons to rebel fighters in southern Syria (â€Å"

Children With Cerebral Palsy and Genetic Disorder Assignment

Children With Cerebral Palsy and Genetic Disorder - Assignment Example The present research has identified that the work â€Å"Quality of life of parents of children with cerebral palsy† is a cross-sectional design with a control group. It is not experimental in the sense that cerebral palsy is inflicted on the subjects. Instead, a post-test study is apparent, where the post-results of the effects of having cerebral palsy are examined. The authors wanted to know the differences and similarities in the quality of life conditions between parents with children who have cerebral palsy and parents who have healthy children. The authors chose the right research design because they aimed to know how cerebral palsy affects the parents, instead of children with cerebral palsy per se. The author has rightly presented that through the comparative approach, they can determine these differences and similarities and make deductions from the data. Sample Size: 40 parents of children with cerebral palsy aged 6-17 years.   The control group was composed of 40 p arents of healthy children (27 mothers and 13 fathers). Sample characteristics:   They are parents of children with cerebral palsy aged 6-17 years. These children were treated at the Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation of the Medical University of Bialystok.   Their cerebral palsy conditions are as follows: spastic tetraplegia - 18 (45%), spastic hemiplegia (hemiplegia spastica) -15 (37.5%), spastic diplegia (diplegia spastica) -7 (17.5%).

How to Write an Essay Essay Example for Free

How to Write an Essay Essay Writing a good essay is what any human being can do but writing an exemplary essay only some can achieve. Learning and comprehending what you learn is completely different then just interpreting it and not putting that hard work into work. People always struggle with the beginning of the essay and getting started. To begin an essay you must always have an introductory paragraph. This paragraph consists of a thesis statement and a tone. The thesis statement should tell a reader what you will be writing about. Your tone will help the reader understand why you’re writing what your writing and for what. In other words, are you informing the reader, or persuading, or even trying to amuse them? You want to make sure that the tone suits the topic of your essay. Now, the essay will provide us with what is next in writing an essay. Once you begin an essay with your introduction you want to keep a reader entertained with your writing. By doing this you then follow with your body paragraphs which contain from three being the very least to as many as you need. The body paragraph is your main part in the essay. These paragraphs provide the support to your introduction paragraph and also to your thesis statement. They fill the essay with details and examples. However, each body paragraph should have one topic sentence and possibly a concluding sentence. You also want to improvise by showing the writing of elements such as parallelism, definition, description, contrast, analysis, repetition, summary, amplification. Understanding your essay is also a major factor. Make sure you review your work closely and repeatedly. Although, your essay should understand you must also stay on topic, remembering to focus on your thesis statement. Your essential focus of your essay should be expressed in the thesis statement. While writing you want to provide transition between each paragraph that will guide your reader to a conclusion that will sum up the essay. Amplification in an essay is adding more detail to the word itself. Such as, â€Å"The professor gave a presentation in which he showed us different slide; music slides, text slides, illustration slides, chart slides, video slides, just too many slides.† An example of parallelism would be â€Å"Whether at home or at work, he was always busy† this element is using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance. Definition would be best defined as elucidating a word into greater detail so it could give a better view of what you’re writing about to the reader. Description could be another use of using many adjectives in your essay, describing a noun into depth. For example â€Å"The sky is remarkably beautiful today with blue skies, no clouds and the sun beaming onto your skin making you warm but not hot.† Accomplishing everything that has been instructed in the past paragraphs leads you to one last thing to do. Reviewing your essay from grammar mistakes, punctuation mistakes or lack of transition words is an important task you want to complete. You would also want to make sure that there are no run on sentences. These sentences basically are statements that have already been said. For example a run on sentence would be â€Å"Adam is a sweet boy he really loves animals.† The correct way to write that would be â€Å"Adam is a sweet boy. He really loves animals.† You want to make sure that you are able to speak to your reader as if he or she were sitting in front of you. In other words, instead of writing the essay, try talking the essay. Proofread your essay until it reads just how you want it to sound. With this in mind your concluding paragraph comes last. In the conclusion you want to recap your idea in a clear summarizing manner. You want to make sure that after your reader is finished reading the essay the message you intended to communicate was understood. You need to keep in mind that the last paragraph should be short and avoid any extra information that would discredit anything you said. One last element of writing would be the summary. The summary is the whole essay being put into account and re reading it to make sure you stayed on topic and kept the whole essay organized for your reader to understand. All you’re trying to do is make a benevolent exit, and most probably all the really important points have been made previously in your essay. However, you should not repeat your thesis either. Once you’ve done all that’s been elucidated you should have a strong essay and be able end your essay without any difficulty.

jet propulsion :: essays research papers

Jet Propulsion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Propulsion is a word that is derived from two Latin words: pro meaning before or forwards and pellere meaning to drive. To push forward or drive an object forward is Propulsion. A propulsion system produces thrust to push an object forward. Newton’s third law is the basis of the generation of thrust on airplanes. The engine accelerates a gas, and the reaction to this acceleration produces a force on the engine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Different propulsion systems generate thrust in slightly different ways. That is: the propeller, the turbine engine, the ramjet, and the rocket. Each of these propulsion systems is applied everyday. The reason for four different types of engines is based on the balance of drag. Drag is what keeps planes in the air and accelerating. Thrust from the propulsion system must do two things: balance the drag of the airplane when the airplane is cruising and also the thrust from the propulsion system must exceed the drag of the airplane for the plane to accelerate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most airplanes spend most of their airtime cruising through the skies, such as cargo planes. In this application excess thrust is not as important as high engine efficiency and low fuel usage. Because of the aerodynamic efficiency of propellers and fans, it is more fuel efficient to accelerate a large mass by a small amount. That is why we find turboprops on cargo planes and airliners.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some aircraft such as fighter planes require very high thrust to accelerate quickly and to overcome the high drag associated with high speeds of these airplanes, engine efficiency is not as important as very high thrust. Afterburning turbojets are used for this and a new technology called ramjet or rocket propulsion is used for this.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Well as you can see Propulsion is very important for flying through our skies.

Compare and Contrast the ways in which Christina Rossetti communicates her attitudes towards death in “Song” and “Remember” Essay

In both â€Å"Song† and â€Å"Remember†, Rossetti conveys her own attitudes towards death through writing about how others should treat her death and how she wants to be remembered, respectively. She addresses important ideas as well as using word choice and the metrical template to paint a clear picture of her perceptions of death. As a poet, Rossetti uses her choice and form of words as a way of conveying her initial feelings towards death. In â€Å"Song† the tone is immediately set by the ingenuous and candid first line, â€Å"When I am dead my dearest†. It portrays a surprisingly pragmatic approach to death on behalf of the poet and demonstrates an emotionally detached attitude to it, believing that it is inevitable; hence she does not disguise the subject of this poem in clichà ©d euphemism. The rest of the verse develops this, where she uses imperatives, â€Å"Sing†, â€Å"Plant† and â€Å"Be†, stressed at the beginnings of their lines, to show that she is adamant that her partner should dispense with all the conventional trappings of grief. The verse is heavily embellished in connotations of mourning, Rossetti making reference to as many symbols of it as she can, â€Å"roses at my head†, â€Å"sad songs† and a â€Å"cypress tree†, almost to satire the traditions of the day. Clearly, her views are that people should accept death as fated, although she also carries a tone of indifference as to what her partner should do, telling him that she does not mind whether he wishes to remember or forget her, â€Å"And if thou wilt, remember, And if thou wilt, forget†. This apathy is just as effective as the orders to not grieve, as she rejects the traditional and overt emotional intensity of the Pre-Raphaelites, demonstrated in poems such as â€Å"The Blessed Damozel†, parodying them. She finishes the poem in this manner, using the ambiguity of â€Å"haply, whereby it could be an archaic form of happily, so she will not be sad, or it could mean â€Å"perhaps† showing her casual and impervious attitude to whether she dies or not. In â€Å"Remember†, imperatives are also used to give a sense that she wants her death treated in a certain way, the first line being demanding and insistent, â€Å"Remember me when I am gone away†. Immediately, her perceptions of death seem to be that it is a final thing, hence she needs her partner to be sure to remember her, using this same imperative verb three times in the octet. It could almost suggest that she is scared of death, realising that she will be â€Å"Gone far away† and have no contact with earth again, and â€Å"Nor I half turn to go, yet turning stay† reflect her unwillingness to die, and a sense of fear of it. However, these lines also reveal a flawed relationship, whereby she had been controlled by her officious partner. The use of the imperatives therefore may be Rossetti now trying to reverse these roles and control him, because of her resentment towards him; â€Å"You tell me of our future that you plann’d†. The accusatory tone is emphasised by the spondee on â€Å"you plann’d† and the shift from â€Å"our† to â€Å"you† suggests bitterness. Clearly, she is using her death as a way to make her partner realise his wrongs, and feel guilty through having to think about her for a change, and the fact that now she is going to have to be in a â€Å"silent land† where he can â€Å"no more hold me by the hand†. However, there is a shift in Rossetti’s tone indicated by the volta, â€Å"Yet†, as the sestet begins, moving from this idea of demanding that her partner remember her, to that of indifference to the matter. It seems she realises that their relationship was flawed and that she didn’t really love this man who tried to control her after all, and so she suddenly does not appear to mind if he â€Å"should forget me for a while† and in fact tells him, â€Å"do not grieve† if he feels guilty for doing so. She reaches a fatalistic acceptance that she is going to die, and that it doesn’t matter what her partner chooses to do, because she now appreciates that she should not make him â€Å"remember and be sad† when he could â€Å"forget and smile†, moving on with his life, and not tied to remembering someone who did not love him. However, it could be interpreted that here, Rossetti is again playing with the idea of guilt, and that she puts on this apathy in order to leave her partner in limbo to whether to forget or remember her. Perhaps this is her ploy to make him feel the guilt of trying to control her and through doing so, he will realise his wrongs, and thus been controlled by her, which you could argue as being her object, as the ultimate form of revenge. Rossetti also addresses the idea of religion in both â€Å"Song† and â€Å"Remember† which broadens her portrayal of her attitudes towards death. In â€Å"Song†, as already discussed, Rossetti rejects convention in her pragmatic approach to death, but also consciously rebuffs the traditional religious views of the time. There is no sense of celestial bliss or heaven in her mention of what death will be like, with no mention of a desire for a ceremony. She deliberately talks of her partner being â€Å"the green grass above me†, which shows that she has no belief of her dead body ascending into a divine afterlife, but rather staying firmly buried under the ground. Rossetti thus rejects the Pre-Raphaelites’ Anglican moral influences by her subversive reference to the afterlife. She writes of how she will be â€Å"dreaming through the twilight†, and given our associations of twilight- a time between day and night, it seems Rossetti imagines that she will merely be in an in-between stage, rather than in a true life in heaven or hell. Her reference to how she â€Å"shall not hear the nightingale sing on as if in pain† is also subversive, this time, of literary tradition. In poetry at the time, there would always be a reverent and eulogistic attitude to the nightingale, such as in â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale† by Keats, where he writes how the bird â€Å"singest of summer in full-throated ease† and so depicting a bird with a beautiful song, enjoyed by everyone. However, Rossetti writes that the bird sounds â€Å"in pain†, demonstrating an irreverent and caustically dismissive attitude to such conventional writing. Rossetti describes how death will be a form of sensory deprivation for her; â€Å"I shall not see the shadows, I shall not feel the rain† and again, it is surprising, but she seems to find a comfort in this, writing of these bad things- â€Å"shadows†¦.rain† and what she finds as a horrible noise, and how she will not miss them when she is dead. This shows how she does not fear death but rather sees it for its benefits. In â€Å"Remember†, she rejects religion, writing that â€Å"It will be late to counsel then or pray†. She uses the conflict in her relationship with her partner to form the structure for this clash- advice and guidance, her approach, verses looking to religion for the answer, which would be her partners approach. Thus, from this, we can conclude that she does not see death as something in the hands of any devout power above her. Rossetti also uses the meter, and structure of rhythm and rhyme to her advantage to help convey her attitudes towards death. The poem â€Å"Song† is written in two verses of eight lines, with an ABCB rhyme scheme. The simplicity of this metrical template suggests contentment and serenity, as it is familiar to the reader. The stresses are placed on important words such as the imperatives in the first verse, and the rhyme gives it an easy bouncing rhythm associated with humorous nursery rhymes, which fits the light-hearted feel the poem has when it concludes, with the balanced ending, â€Å"Haply I may remember, and haply may forget†, reflecting Rossetti’s nonchalant attitude towards death. The second verse could be interpreted to be a response to the first, however, whereby Rossetti’s lover is conveying his feelings, although Christina Rossetti herself is still writing. Perhaps he is talking of the relief it will be to not hear her constantly complaining- he will not have to hear her â€Å"sing on as if in pain† as she suffers from her illnesses or even just rambles on about death, or be surrounded by negative feelings, represented in the poem by the â€Å"rain â€Å"and â€Å"shadows†. Given our associations with twilight as a calm and quiet time, it seems he will be able to live in peace without her, and have entire free will as to whether he â€Å"may remember† or â€Å"may forget†. However, considering that Christina Rossetti is credited as the poet for the entire poem, perhaps she is paranoid that this is what he thinks, so is putting herself in his shoes, and feels guilty for this selfishness, and so, when she writes, â€Å"And if thou wilt, remember, And if thou wilt, forget, she is merely trying to ensure that she does not dominate any more of his life. The poem â€Å"Remember† is a sonnet, composing of fourteen lines written in iambic pentameter. The fact that sonnets are synonymous with love makes this poem again subversive, as it deals with love in a surprising way, whereby the relationship has broken down and Rossetti’s obsession now seems to be with her own demise, rather than a lover. It is made up of an octet, with the rhyme scheme ABBAABBA and a sestet, with the rhyme scheme CDDECE, and the latter begun with a volta, which in â€Å"Remember†, is â€Å"Yet†. This clear separation marks how the poem deals with her death in two separate parts, the octet with the remembrance of her, and the sestet, with forgetting her, and hence in turn marks her change in attitude between one where she requires her partner to remember her, and where she realises that there is no need. In conclusion, Rossetti’s attitudes to death, presented in both â€Å"Song† and â€Å"Remember† are highly subversive, and reject the pre-Raphaelite conventions of religion and the belief that the woman is dependant on their partner, in a passive role, and fears death away from their partner who they rely on.

Foundations of Human Development in the Social Environment Essay

Human behaviors can be intriguing and somewhat confusing. Human development is assessed through many factors and throughout this paper I will be discussing the interactions between the bio-psycho-social dimensions of development, the concept of human diversity and cultural competence and also explain the connection between general systems theory and social order. To understand the human thinking and behavior, the professional must grasp an understanding of the three elements I listed above. To begin to gain insight into the human behavior one may begin with the biological, psychological, and social developments of one’s life. These aspects of development are also referred to the bio-psycho-social. Biological concerns the physical aspect of a person’s life, psychological emphasize an individual’s thought process and the social development addresses the person’s interaction with those around them and in their environment. People are very complex and these three various aspects work together, shaping the person as a whole. When one of these dimensions is affected, for example if a person gets depressed this affects the psychological area; however their social interactions are also affected when the person stays in bed, this can lead to biological if the individual stops eating. The bio-psycho-social begins at infancy and continues to develop along one’s life span. There are normal developmental milestones which are significant in individuals’ lives; these are motor development, personality development, motivation, social development, and learning. There are certain developments that occur at age-appropriate times, which can help a professional define the word â€Å"normal.† An example, consider a baby’s motor development; by the age three or four they can dress and undress themselves. That is considered â€Å"the norm.† The normal development milestones offer a basic line for assessing human behavior, this way the social workers can distinguish between situations that merit interventions and those who do not. As a social worker it is significant to understand the human behavior and several concepts contribute to the understanding. Human diversity, which is the range of differences among groups, which include but are not limited to; age, race, disability, gender, ethnicity, sex, and sexual orientation. Then there is cultural competence, which is the master of a certain knowledge, skill, policy, and program. It is vital for the social worker to understand cultural beliefs, values, and practices of their clients. Human diversity is culture, it is the shared attitudes, goals, spiritual beliefs and social expectations that characterize a broader society in which people live. In today’s world there is a long way to go to gain cultural competence. Fortunately, social workers are adding cultural competence to their already existing strengths and values, making them well-appointed professionals to deliver the appropriate care to the people. The National Association of Social Workers recently developed a standard, requiring the worker to strive to deliver culturally competent services to their ever more diverse case loads. By the social worker becoming culturally competent, they are better able to address the person with diverse needs, such as the disabled, older adults, and those who are transgender or gay. It is a task for the social worker to find balance between the psychological aspects and the social environment, but it has been done; by the use of the general systems theories and social order. The connections between these two bring an understanding to human behaviors, the functioning, and the thinking of humans. General systems theory is that of wholeness, the system can be a family, a community or an organization. There are many concepts in the system theories; some of them are the system, boundaries, subsystems, relationship, input/output, feedback and differentiation. The general systems theory takes all that make that system and puts it together, â€Å"wholeness.† Social order describes the norm within society. By using these two concepts together the social worker can understand better their clients, their families, and their communities. All of which make the client who the client is. Human behavior in our society accumulates many factors as I stated throughout this paper. Many different concepts are needed to help the professional understand the behaviors of their clients. By taking into consideration the bio-psycho-social dimensions, looking at the general systems theory and gaining insight into human diversity and cultural competence, the social workers are better able to help the client succeed and become a productive member of society. Understanding human development and the social environment is the professional’s responsibility, to become culturally competent to handle all diversity that may cross their path and to respectfully gain knowledge of the client through their own biological, psychological, and sociological elements of what makes them; them.

buy custom Hospitality Industry in the UK essay

buy custom Hospitality Industry in the UK essay Introduction The hospitality industry or sector includes a wide field of businesses within the service industry which comprises of restaurants, transportation, lodging, cruise line, event planning, and theme parks, as well as businesses within the wider field of tourism industry. The hospitality industry in the UK is considered a multibillion dollar industry that has been one of the key drivers of the UKs economy. The industry is dependable on availability of disposable income and leisure time. Business units within the wider hospitality sector such as hotels, parks, restaurants, and bars, among others, consist of a number of different groups that are concerned with daily management and operations. These groups take account of those in charge of direct operation (bartenders, housekeepers, servers, kitchen workers, and porters, among others), facility management, marketing, human resources, and management. The hospitality sector includes a wide variety of organizations which provide accommodation and food service. The UKs hospitality industry is divided into various sectors which are based on required skill-sets for a particular work involved. These sectors range from accommodation, meeting and events, tourism services, entertainment and recreation, food and beverage, and gaming (Page Connell, 2006). Overview of the Hospitality Industry in UK The UK hospitality industry has tremendously grown over the past few years. The growth is particularly evident in the increasing availability of opportunities in the labour market designed for both local and international graduates. According to a report documented by the British Hospitality Association (2010), the UK catering and hospitality industry comprises of more than 263,000 outlets and has more than 1.7 million employees. More than 270,500 people are found in other sectors including gambling, travel and tourist services, youth hostels, holiday parks, and attractions. While it is hard to find the official registry of UKs hotel rooms, in 2000, it was estimated that there were approximately 101, 268 hotel rooms within and around the Greater London (PriceWaterHouseCoopers, 2009). In addition, according to figures released to support London Olympics bid, it was reported that within a 10 km radius of Central London there were over 70,000 hotel rooms found in both three and five stars hotels. The growth in the hospitality industry has been particularly boosted by the expected huge demand for leisure during the upcoming 2012 London Olympic Games. Due to this, there has been an increase in the number of hotels rooms in and around the City of London. According to PriceWaterHouseCoopers (2009), the West End of London (for example in Mayfair) is particularly concentrated with luxury hotels, resorts, and other leisure and holiday facilities. However, despite this huge growth in recent times, in the hospitality industry especially in the hotel sector, it was noted that the majority five star hotels in London are small in size according to the international standards. For instance, most five star hotels in London have rooms ranging from 50 and 500 hotels (PriceWaterHous eCoopers, 2009). Some of these hotels include London Hilton, St. Martins Lane Hotel, the Savoy, and the Four Season London, among others. According to the British Hospitality Association (2010), the most profitable hotels and facilities in UK are found in London around the five major airports. Gatwick and Heathrow Hotels have particularly been successful in registering high and consistent room occupancies besides providing conference facilities. However, the major players in the UKs hospitality industry in the recent times have been spotted in the branded budget hotel segment. It was noted that the growth of the branded hotels began in 2002 and reached its peak in 2007, when more than 70 percent of available hotel rooms (more than 71,000 rooms) were provided by the branded budget hotels in the UK. It is the rise and high demand fo branded hotels that has greatly transformed the UKs hospitality industry in terms of growth and market share. The notable player in the branded hotel segment has been the Intercontinental Hotel through a number of its subsidiaries in UK. Through acquisition of UKs Holiday Inn Express, Interco ntinental Hotel has been a constant player in the hospitality industry of UK; however, it has faced competition from other players in this industry. The competition for the market share in the UK hospitality industry is quite dynamic and interesting; especially as the 2012 London Olympics are fast approaching. The growth in the market share has particularly been witnessed in the branded budget hotel sector of the wider hospitality industry. The leading branded budget hotels in the UK are Travelodge, Premium Inn, and Holiday Inn Express. According to a report released pertaining to the current growth of budget hotels in UK, it was estimated that about 54 new branded budget hotels were opened in 2010 , this created more than 5,440 new rooms last year alone (HotStats and Hotel Analyst, 2011). Travelodge was ranked as the fastest expanding budget hotel chain in the year 2010. This was followed by an addition of more than 3,830 new rooms to the hotels portfolio, making it to be the one of the largest operator of budget hotel in London and also across the UK. However, despite this enormous growth in the year 2010, Travelodge could only manage a second position in terms of market share. The leading player in the budget hotel segment is Premier Inn which has about 37 percent of the market share in UK compared to Travelodge which has only 27 percent share of the UKs market. Premier Inn continues to lead in market share despite of having added only 1,043 rooms in the year 2010. Holiday Inn Express which was ranked third as the UKs largest operator with a market share of 11 per cent could only manage to add 540 new rooms during 2010 (British Hospitality Association, 2010). According to Delloite (n.d), UK still ranks behind the world major economies in terms of growth in the branded budget hotels. For instance, UKs branded budget hotel has only 16 percent of the market share compared to USA and France which have 33 percent and 25 percent of market share respectively. Nevertheless, the UKs hospitality industry and hotel sector in particular, has been rapidly growing and shifting towards branded budget accommodation supply. For example, for the last four years, the branded budget hotel in UK gained more than 35 percent in market share, making it to be one of the fastest growing sectors of the hospitality industry in the UK in recent times. Going by its current growth rate, it is projected that branded budget hotels will squeeze out all independent and mid-market brands in the UK by 2030. It is also worth to note that the exponential growth emerged despite of the economic meltdown of 2008 and its aftermaths. As noted above, Travelodge has been particularly dominant in driving up this change. However, the entry of Intercontinental Hotel through Holiday Inn Express has also soared up the growth in branded budget market share within the wider hospitality industry. Travelodge alongside Premier Inn and Holiday Inn Express have been the key players in the changes witnessed in the UK hospitality industry. For instance, the growth in the branded budget hotels in the UK has been realized through the opening of more and more new hotels across Britain. These major industry players not only rely on building or developing new facilities but also on acquiring and converting run-down independent as well as mid-market hotels. For instance, more than 9,520 hotels rooms have been created through the 131 hotels that have been opened by Travelodge alone since 2008. However, Delloite (n.d.)., notes that 40 percent of these new branded budget facilities consisted of run-down independent and mid-market brand hotels that were acquired and directly converted. The emergence of the brand budget hotel within the wider hospitality industry has been a game changer in UKs hospitality market. Traditionnally, the hospitality industry was known to particularly focus on the provision of physical products. However, the players have soon realized that consumers are demanding more and more consistency in the delivery of a specific brand promise. Moreover, with the upscale to leisure and luxury segments, players in the hospitality industry will soon discover that experiential dimension will be a key determinant in gauging the success of a brand and designing the finer details of a product. On the other hand, consumers were traditionally believed to have negative connotations towards small size hotels or budget hotels; however, this is rapidly changing as there is increased perception of this segment in terms of efficiency, good experience, and affordability (Delloite, n.d.). This change in consumer perception as well as market dynamics has not only cha nged business operations in the UKs hospitality industry but also has continued to particularly transform the hospitality industry and hotel sector. The growth of the branded budget hotel segment in terms of market share in the recent years has prompted increased activities within the hotel sector in the UK. Both local and international operators in the hospitality industry are increasingly changing their game plans to compete for the huge potential in the branded budget accommodation market share. In other words, the growth of branded budget hotels as a new segment within the broader hospitality industry has not only overwhelmed the operators in the hospitality industry, but also the market behaviour of major players both locally and internationally. This is evident in how the leading players, Premier Inn and Travelodge, have been aggressive towards the market share and the entry of international hospitality operations into the UK market (notably Intercontinental Hotel). The hospitality industry is being redefined with not only new innovations and concepts but also with strategies that ensure players remain competitive and profitable in the market. The changing perceptions of the consumers, the market dynamics and operators innovativeness, and the modern business units in the UKs hospitality industry (particularly those in the hotel sectors) are being forced to take a different turn that is completely different to the earlier practices. For instance, it is common these days to find mini full- service hotels operating and providing business class products and services to a wide range of customers. These hotels have basic facilities targeting business travellers who may be looking for a particular market segment that caters for the needs of mid-rank business executives as well as price-sensitive corporate bodies. The hospitality industry has been influenced by the increased growth of the branded budget hotel segment which has enhanced competition coupl ed with good service, increased professionalism, ambience, and style. With the current trends and growth rate of branded budget hotels in UK, it is projected that business units within the hospitality industry will be required to align their products and services with the new market dynamics for their continued success and profitability. Conclusion The hospitality industry is one of the key drivers of the UKs economy that has grown in the past few decades. However, one of the key sectors in this industry has been the hotel sector which has contributed immensely to the growth of the hospitality industry in the UK. Within the hotel sector, the branded budget hotel segment, is continuously transforming the hospitality industry as a whole and the hotel sector in particular. Going by the rate of growth in branded budget hotel segment in the UK (in terms of market share estimated at 16 percent), operators in the hospitality industry will particularly be forced to redefine their business practices and operations in order to remain competitive and successful in the UKs market. This will call for embracing of new concepts, strategies, and innovations that are efficient, affordable, and able to provide first-class experience to their customers. Buy custom Hospitality Industry in the UK essay

Frances Perkins and the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

Frances Perkins and the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire A wealthy Bostonian who had come to New York for a Columbia University graduate degree, Frances Perkins (April 10, 1882 - May 14, 1965) was having tea nearby on March 25 when she heard the fire engines. She arrived at the scene of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in time to see workers jumping from the windows above. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire   This scene motivated Perkins to work for reform in working conditions, especially for women and children. She served on the Committee on Safety of the City of New York as executive secretary, working to improve factory conditions. Frances Perkins met Franklin D. Roosevelt in this capacity, while he was New York governor, and in 1932, he appointed her as Secretary of Labor, the first woman to be appointed to a cabinet position. Frances Perkins called the day of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire the day the New Deal began.

Solar energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Solar energy - Essay Example Using oil as a major resource to generate power is insufficient, as oil is a non-renewable energy source and there is no way to obtain more once it has been depleted. This fact has the potential to cause a major threat to the country. In addition, using oil produces considerable amounts of gases that result in damaging our environment. Topic and thesis This research will examine power generating in the United Arab Emirates. It will analyze the importance of changing the method of using oil to generate power. Furthermore, this proposal will discuss how renewable energy can be beneficial to this country. The emphasis of this research will be on the significance of using solar energy instead of using oil. The government of the UAE should communicate the importance of solar energy to the major cities due to the following three reasons: Solar energy is completely renewable Solar energy doesn't create pollution UAE has a good environment and conditions to consider using solar energy Backgr ound Information The UAE is located in the southeast of the Arabian Peninsula. It is considered to be one of the richest countries in regard to oil. Indeed, oil has a large array of uses in the UAE. One of its main uses is to generate power. For example, conventional steam is created, which is when oil is burned to heat water to create steam to generate electricity. Also, they can burn the oil so that it produces hot gases, which spin a turbine to generate power. This method is known as combustion. This massive consumption of oil leads to many serious environmental problems. These problems should be controlled by using an alternative way of generating power, which can be done by using solar energy. This kind of energy, unlike the burning oil, doesn't produce pollution. Solar energy can be used through technology devices such as solar heating, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal electricity and solar architecture. Sources of Information Future Energy - Improved, Sustainable and Clean Options for Our Planet (book) Photovoltaic Systems for High-Performance Housing Solar Energy Masdar City website Organization and the scope of the Proposal What is solar photovoltaics? Why is the UAE a good place to use solar energy? Is solar energy renewable? What is the impact of both solar PV and burning oil to our planet? Key Terms Solar energy: energy that uses the power of the sun's light and heat to produce electricity Photovoltaic: a piece of equipment that changes light into electricity How do solar photovoltaics work? Here is an explanation from Science NASA News about how PV works: The diagram below illustrates the operation of a basic photovoltaic cell, which is also called a solar cell. Solar cells are made of the same kind of materials as semiconductors, such as silicon, which is used in the microelectronics industry. For solar cells, a thin semiconductor wafer is specially treated to form an electric field, positive on one side and negative on the other. When light en ergy strikes the solar cell, electrons are knocked loose from the atoms in the semiconductor material. If electrical conductors are attached to the positive and negative sides, forming an electrical circuit, the electrons can be captured in the form of an electric current -- that is, electricity. This electricity can then be used to power a load, such as a light or a tool. Environment and climate The UAE has a great environment and climate to implement solar energy to generate power

Introduction to Chinese Culture - Term Papers and the Final Movie Review

Introduction to Chinese Culture - Term Papers and the Final Presentations - Movie Review Example The movie spans from the 1980s when China is undergoing massive reforms in the economic sector. Cheng is a farm boy of bookish tendencies where as Meng is portrayed as a self assured/ confident and highly ambitious human being. Wang is poetic and slightly flaky. The three become friends at the university where they are all endeavoring to obtain visas, with interviews on the same just around the corner. The first among them to successfully obtain a visa is Wang. However, he changes his mind about going to America and opts to remain behind with his girlfriend (who is of Western origin). Cheng, on the other hand, trial upon trial, fails to secure a visa. Meng nonetheless manages to qualify and get a study visa. He seizes his opportunity and leaves for America. As he leaves, he confides in his friends (Wang and Cheng) that he does not plan or desire to come back to China (American Dreams in China, 2013). In the consequent stages of the movie, Cheng’s misfortunes continue to endlessly stalk him. His girlfriend obtains a visa (where he failed) and he is relieved from his teaching position at the university when he is discovered engaging in extra student tuition for monetary gains. In this state of desperation, Wang (who is good at striking good relations with students mainly via Hollywood films) and Cheng decide to set up a school, the New Dream School. The school aims at promoting new methods for English learning to the billions of Chinese students who crave the perceived benefits that arrive with mastery of the English language at the time (predominantly, the possibility of attaining the much coveted foreign/ abroad studies). This school develops to become a major success story. Meng, in America, finds life unbearable and quite unpalatable as he is resigned to odds jobs to earn a living since his English is not perfect. He is essentially living from hand to mouth as a dream consistently progresses into a nightmare. He grows weary and sets back to China where he

Sexual Harassment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Sexual Harassment - Research Paper Example It was also clear that the policy on sexual harassment in the University was not effective due to inaccessibility and ignorance on the content of the policy. The findings faulted the university unpreparedness to deal with the aftermath of sexual harassment and also the inadequacy that was noted in terms of practices and the resourcefulness of the university to deal with sexual harassment. The research recommended the increase avenues of accessing the policy documents, the creation of awareness and major changes like including gender studies as a common unit in the university. The study also recommended that the university to improve the quality of the reporting of sexual harassment to the form that could be easily accessed by the victimized students. Increase in the intelligence was also recommended by the study among other recommendations. This section is an introduction of factors affecting Sexual Harassment directed on students in the University. It contains background of the study, problem statement, as well as objectives of the study. It also consists of significance of the study. Throughout the theoretical history of sexual harassment, scholars from multiple disciplines in the social sciences have grappled with a diverse set of interpretation of the definitions to conceptualize this abstract idea. According to Kenyatta University Sexual Harassment policy; (2010), sexual harassment is defined as unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature that tends to create a hostile or offensive work environment. Bingham, S and Scherer, L. (2001) defines sexual harassment to include some specific range of offensive behaviors. In his argument, he suggested that the behavior is always repetitive and intended to present some disturbance and also to upset. He underscores this definition by saying that sexual harassment could refer

Estimation Model And Decomposition

Estimation Model And Decomposition In this lecture we introduce project estimation to estimate project resource requirements, time duration, human effort, and cost. We also discuss the models and techniques used in the project estimation. We also discuss the estimation methods such as comparative, top-down, bottom-up (engineering), historical analogy and expert judgment. Then we presented decomposition technique to break down the project into tasks to assist us in estimating the project. We focus on the work breakdown structure (WBS) decomposition method. Learning Outcomes Understand estimation model Understand decomposition technique and planning tools 1.0 Introduction In this lecture we continue discussion of project management in software engineering. We start by introducing the project estimation to estimate project resource requirements, time duration, human effort, and cost. We discuss the models and techniques used in the project estimation. We also discuss the estimation methods such as comparative, top-down, bottom-up (engineering), historical analogy and expert judgment. Then we present decomposition technique to decompose the project into tasks to assist us in estimating the project. We focus on the work breakdown structure (WBS) decomposition method. 2.0 Estimation Model Project estimation is a highly subjective and person-dependent process. A project task could be done in one day by one person but could take a few hours by another person. Hence, different estimates could be given by different persons of the time it takes to perform a task. After actual execution and performing of the task, the time it has taken to be performed is a measured, actual and real time. Accordingly, any time estimate to performing the task that is not close to the actual time is inaccurate. Project estimates are established at early in a project by the software development team and corporation management. These estimates are required for project resources, work to be done, project cost, project schedule, and time to delivery. Project estimates are required during project planning which is a crucial phase of the project lifecycle. Project estimating techniques are available based on metrics accumulated from past similar project experiences. Projects should be estimated in a structured and formal way, otherwise, estimates are inaccurate and projects could be handed in late. Structured and formal project estimation methods that use sound techniques and understanding have the following advantages: They make estimates more accurate They allow the project team to reach a consensus on the estimates They improve the accuracy of those estimates They make it much more likely that projects will come in on time Project planning requires estimates of the: Resource requirements Human effort- in person-months Time project duration- in calendar time Project cost and budget In practice, project history and past experience are often used as a guide in estimating the above values. The estimation usually requires breaking the project into pieces. At early stages in a project the software development team and management team must establish estimates for resources required (human resources, equipment, software, space, tools, etc.), work to be done and time to product delivery. Cost, time, and resource estimating techniques are available based on metrics accumulated from past similar project experiences. Usually, several approaches and methods are used to estimate these values. Then, estimated values that result from different estimation methods are compared. If these values vary widely, then this variance is taken as an indication of the need for more information. Projects could fail due to different causes related to project estimation. For example, the initial estimation of the budget needed for the completion of the project could be too little or too much. This can also be applied to the duration of the project, as some projects fail due to too little time being assigned for completion. As well as this, another factor that leads to project failure is ill planning, where the whole project is not planned out right from the start. Also, the goals and objectives of a project, which are developed at the start of the project may be regularly altered/changed which as a result causes confusion within the workforce. In addition to this, due to technology being a fast-paced industry, the personnel of the project need to stay up-to-date with this rapid change in order to use the correct the technology for the project. Finally, a lack of or ineffective communication between the workforce of the project, regardless of their role and position, can also l ead to broken interactions and project failure. Estimates could be inaccurate due to different reasons including people injury, sickness, or resign. Project development teams could run into unexpected technical problems, etc. Therefore, the objective of estimation is that people in the organization who have the training and knowledge to give an honest, well-informed opinion of the effort (time, cost, resources, etc. ) required to do a task. The uncertainty about the project could be reduced and more accurate estimates could be generated by producing well-documents about the project scope and vision by the organizations management and by reaching a consensus on the tasks that must be performed by the development team members. This consensus could be reached through discussion of assumptions. The following are some project estimation techniques (models): Source Lines of Code (SLOC): Source Lines of Code (SLOC) is the oldest metric for estimating project effort and thus is the primary input of older cost estimation models. The accurate estimation of a software project estimate is based on size of the project to be built. Project size is translated into human effort, time and money. Software Equation: In software equation estimate data is collected for thousands of similar projects and a the estimation model is a software equation as given below: EPM = (L x Sk(1/3) / PP)3 x (1/d4) Where EPM- is the Effort in Person Months L is the number of code Line Sk is the factor of Special sKills PP is the Parameter of Productivity D is the project Duration Using SLOC as input for cost estimation has some disadvantages because estimating the SLOC early in the software development lifecycle can be difficult. Therefore, if the SLOC estimate is inaccurate, the output of the dependant cost estimation model will be inaccurate. Software LIfecycle Management (SLIM): SLIM was developed in the late 1970s. Wideband Delphi: Wideband Delphi is an effective technique in estimating software tasks. Proxy Based Estimating (PROBE): This is an estimation method that looks at the history of a person in terms of components he has built in the past. It states that a person constructing a component that he has previously constructed (or one similar to it) then the amount of effort that will go into building this component will roughly be the same. The Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO): COnstructive COst MOdel (COCOMO) is a software cost and schedule estimating method which was developed in the early 1980s. It was developed through an experiment which involved the analyzing and evaluating of results for 63 software development projects. COCOMO was updated in 1991 for modern development life cycles, in order to accommodate larger sets of data. It is calculated on the basis of 15 cost factors. These factors, sometimes called variables, cover the cost of the software needed, any computer hardware that will be used, and the cost of labor (wages). These are inputted into the model and as a result, an output is arrived at estimating the size and effort that need to be put into the project for it to succeed. The Planning Game: The Planning Game is the software project planning method developed by Extreme Programming (XP). It was developed in the 1990s. It is basically used to manage the negotiation between the development team and the stakeholders (Business customers). Unlike Delphi, PROBE, and COCOMO, the Planning Game does not require a documented description of the scope of the project to be estimated. Rather, it is a full planning process that combines estimation with identifying the scope of the project and the tasks required to complete the software. Estimates use comparative estimate, grass roots estimate, engineering estimate (bottom-up), top-down estimate, historical analogy estimate, expert judgment estimate, models estimate, and/or rules-of-thumb estimate. Typically, estimates are made using some combination of these/some of these estimate methods. These estimate methods are described in the following paragraphs. Comparative estimate: Comparative estimate compares project with past similar projects. One advantages of this method is that estimates are based on actual experience. One disadvantages of this method is that truly similar projects must exist. Engineering estimate (Bottom-up): Engineering Estimate (Bottom-up) assigns different components of the project to individuals to estimate. Then, component estimates are summed to obtain total estimate of the project. Advantages of this method include generation of accurate estimates because of detailed basis for estimate, promotion of individual responsibility, and support of project tracking. Some disadvantages of this method are that the method is time- consuming, detailed data is needed which may not be available, especially before the project starts or early in the project, and integration costs may be disregarded. Top-Down estimate: Top-Down estimate partitions the project into lower level components where life cycle phases begin at highest level. Some advantages of this estimate are that it is more applicable to early project estimates, it considers system level activities, it is faster, and easier to implement. Some disadvantages of this estimate is that it is less accurate than other methods, it tends to overlook lower-level components, and it provides little detail. Historical analogy estimate: Historical analogy estimate is based on using the software size, effort, or cost of a comparable project from the past. The comparison is made using measures or data that has been recorded from completed software projects. Analogical estimates can be made at high levels using total software project size and/or cost for individual Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) categories in the process of developing the main software cost estimate. Expert judgment estimates: Expert judgment estimates specifies that software development team consults with one or more experts. Some advantage of this estimate is that little or no historical data are needed, and it is good for new or unique projects. Some disadvantages of this estimate is that experts tend to be biased, and their knowledge level is sometimes questionable. This is a subjective estimate based upon what the estimator remembers from previous projects and gets modified mentally as deemed appropriate. If the estimator has significant recent experience in both the software domain of the planned project then, expert judgment can be relatively accurate. Model-based estimate: Model-based estimate uses mathematical relationships or parametric cost models. Parametric cost models are empirical relationships derived by using statistical techniques applied to data from similar previous projects. Rules-of-thumb estimate: Rules-of-thumb estimate come in a variety of forms and can be a way of expressing estimates as a simple mathematical relationship (e.g. cost = Lines_of_Code / 10) or as percentage allocations of effort over activities or phases based upon historical data (e.g. coding task is 22% of Total Effort). The popular project estimates approach is to use several methods and compare values. If these values vary widely, then this variance is taken as an indication of the need for more information. Model-based estimates along with high-level analogies are the principal source of estimates in early conceptual stages. At early stages of the project or before it starts, we usually do not have a clear estimates, but as a project matures and the requirements and design are better understood, analogy estimates based upon more detailed functional decompositions become the primary method of estimation, with model-based estimates used as a means of estimate validation or as a correctness check. Whatever method is used, it is most important that the assumptions and formulas are documented to enable more thorough review and to make it easier to revise estimates at completion of the project when assumptions may need to be revised. Expected Value for Software Size is computed as follows: Suppose that: Expected value for estimation variable (size) estimate = S, Weighted Average of Optimistic estimate = (S opt) Most likely estimate (S m) Pessimistic estimate (S pess ) Then, S can be computed as: S = (S opt +4 S m + S pess)/6 The calculation of the effort put in, in terms of persons-month, in a dynamic multi variable model can be defined as follows: Software Equation (E) = [LOC * B0.333/P]3 *(1/t4) Where: E is effort in person-months, t is the duration of the project, B is special skills factor, P is productivity. 2.1 Decomposition Technique Decomposition technique is used to estimate the project as presented in the previous section. After decomposing the entire project into a number of smaller tasks, we make project estimates. It is easier to handle smaller tasks than to handle a very larger project as a whole. So, the entire project (problem) is broken down into number of smaller tasks (problems) and then each smaller problem could be solved easily. Decomposition technique is used as a technique or model for cost and project estimate. It is difficult to estimate the project as one task. Therefore, the project is decomposed into smaller tasks and each task is estimated individually and then the partial estimations of project tasks are added up for the whole project. Decomposition technique is used as a technique or model for cost and project estimate. It is difficult to estimate the project as one task. Therefore, the project is decomposed into smaller tasks and each task is estimated individually and then the partial estimations of project tasks are added up for the whole project. A sound and formal estimate starts with a work breakdown structure (WBS). A WBS is a list of project major phases, deliverables, and work components (tasks) that will be built by the project that, when completed, will produce the final product. These work components/tasks can then be broken down into the activities that are required to build them. The concept of this technique is to break down the work into smaller tasks. Each task can in turn be broken down further. This technique is very useful for the project development team and project management team to become familiar with the scope of the project, identifies work tasks, needed resources, and cost estimation. It also helps to monitor the projects progress. Project managers use the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) to estimate projects and make complex projects more manageable. Some advantages of using WBS include: Assists with more accurate project estimation in cost, effort, resources, and schedule Assists with project organization Helps with assigning responsibilities to project development team members. A WBS that is correctly designed allows for the easy assignment of tasks to a specific element of the WBS, cutting down on confusion/duplication of assigned tasks. Shows the control points and project milestones Helps explain the project scope to customers and stakeholders Assist in planning and control of the project Tasks and Subtasks are related to each other in the sequence of project task networks. Project Task networks graphically visualize the tasks/sub-tasks and their relationships. Project Task networks are also known as activity networks. The Work Breakdown Structure is a tree structure. The root of the tree is the whole project and the children of the root are the main tasks at first level of the tree which compose the project. At level 2 of the tree are the sub-tasks of the main tasks of the project at level 1. The rest levels of the tree are constructed similarly. Using the tree structure of the WBS allows the determining of secondary costs for tasks, resources, etc., into their advanced level parent tasks, materials, etc. The WBS is the basis for dividing work into defined tasks from which the, schedule, cost, and labor hour reporting can be established. There are many ways to decompose a project into tasks. Different project break-down ways lead to different estimates. If the generated WBS is incorrect, then the project estimates are wrong and time is wasted in doing the estimates. The project can be broken down by feature, by project phase (requirements tasks, design tasks, programming tasks, QA tasks, etc.), or by some combination of the two. WBS uses similar previous projects history and previous experience of projects that have been developed to generate project t estimates. Large projects are broken into more tasks than smaller projects or they can be broken into larger tasks than smaller projects. WBS, when created, is used by the project team to create an estimate of the effort required to perform each task. The most accurate estimates are those that rely on similar projects history and prior experience. Team members should review previous project results and find how long similar tasks in previous projects took to complete. Sources of delays in the past should be taken into account when making current estimates. The level of granularity of WBS varies depending on the level of abstraction and what information is available. At lower-levels of the WBS, expert judgment is the primary method used, while at higher levels of the WBS model-based estimates are more common. It is not possible to define a task set for the project uniquely. No set of tasks is appropriate for all types of projects. Project breakdown into tasks is dependent on the size of the project, complexities involved in the project, constraints of the projects and the skill set and capabilities of the team members working on the project. Project tasks have to be properly distributed according to the needs of the project deadlines and schedule. To develop a project schedule, a task set must be distributed on the project time line. The project set of tasks is defined based on the category of the project which is dealt with by the development team. Summary In this lecture we introduce project estimation to estimate project resource requirements, time duration, human effort, and cost. We also discuss the models and techniques used in the project estimation. We also discuss the estimation methods such as comparative, top-down, bottom-up (engineering), historical analogy and expert judgment. Then we presented decomposition technique to break down the project into tasks to assist us in estimating the project. We focus on the work breakdown structure (WBS) decomposition method. Exercises Is it possible to create a realistic estimate before the project team has agreed on the technical design for the software? When the team is working together to generate an estimate, should the testers estimate tasks which will be performed by the programmers? List three models of project estimate. What is estimated using project estimate? Describe the objectives of using decomposition technique? List advantages of decomposition technique for company managers. Describe the Source Lines of Code (SLOC) estimation method. List two advantages and two disadvantages of using The Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO). What is the difference between Engineering estimate (Bottom-up) and top-down estimate? Explain decomposition techniques. How do you define a task set for the software project? What are project task networks?